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    • 专利摘要:
    Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance, with an SR index equal to or greater than 33% according to LEED v4 BD + C certification, for continuous AC and discontinuous BBTM mixtures, characterized by physical-chemical parameters that determine the type and composition of the mixtures that favorably influence in the reflectance of the entire spectrum of solar radiation, UV-VIS-IR, such as the mineralogical nature of the aggregate, granulometry, porosity and surface texture, and type of binder and pigment additives of metal oxides used. As preferred embodiments, AC16 D blends, thin layer tread mixes type BBTM 5A or BBTM 8A, and reflective pavements with non-slip properties have been developed, and the possibility of including RAP recycling material in the mixtures has been contemplated. With these new pavements the heating of the surfaces of the cities is reduced, and consequently the ambient temperature, mainly in summer, mitigating the effect of island of urban heat. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2687713A1
    申请号:ES201830642
    申请日:2018-06-27
    公开日:2018-10-26
    发明作者:José SIMÓN GRAU
    申请人:Chm Obras E Infraestructuras S A；Chm Obras E Infraestructuras SA；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Asphalt pavements with high solar reflectance.
    The object of the present invention for patent purposes is a range of asphalt pavements for continuous AC and discontinuous mixtures BBTM with high solar reflectance "'SR" or albedo, equal to or greater than 33%, which is the value required by the LEED v4 BD + C certification so that they can be cataloged as reflective surfaces mitigating the heat island effect.
    These pavements are characterized by physical-chemical parameters that determine the type and composition of asphalt mixtures, in accordance with the General Technical Specifications for Roads and Bridges PG-3, such as the mineralogical nature of the aggregate, granulometry of the mixture, porosity and surface texture , type of giant, and pigment additives of metal oxides used, which have been found favorably influence the reflectance of the entire solar radiation spectrum, UV-VIS-IR, that is, not only in the region of the visible, of that the color and tone of the terrains will depend to a large extent, but also and very particularly, in the IR infrared region, which accounts for 52% of the solar energy incident on the earth's surface; hence the high reflectance values achieved.
    In the development process, the materials and structural characteristics of bituminous mixtures have been first investigated in the laboratory in order to define the design criteria that allow achieving the target SR levels, and then define the working formulas of the suitable reflective mixtures , by manufacturing standardized pavements, and studying their behavior and functionality in the short and medium term.
    As preferred embodiments, AC16 D mixtures of high reflective capacity, thin layer rolling mixtures type 8BTM 5A or 88TM 8A have been developed, in order to compensate for the extra cost of implementing these new pavements, and reflective pavements with non-slip properties. The possibility of including material from the milling of asphalt pavements (RAP) has also been contemplated, and although the objective reflectance level for this type of recycled flooring has not been reached, if its reflective capacity has been improved .
    With these new reflective pavements, the heating of the surfaces of the cities and urban centers is reduced, and consequently the ambient temperature, mainly in summer, mitigating the effect of urban heat island, which implies benefits such as energy savings in air conditioning and consumption of public lighting, improvement of air quality, and the comfort and health of pedestrians. 5 TECHNICAL FIELD.
    The technical field in which the present invention is framed is that of the construction or coating of asphalt-based street and road signatures, that is, with rolling layers made of bituminous mixtures. 10 STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE.
    The change of life of the population from moving from living in rural areas to urban areas has caused a proliferation of large cities, in which there is a phenomenon known as ulsla de Calor Urbana-ICU ", defined as the difference in thermal gradient between developed and undeveloped areas.This phenomenon occurs when the urban area is significantly warmer than the surrounding areas, which is due to the replacement of generally green and humid rural surfaces with other surfaces that are made of high capacity materials. thermal and low solar reflectance, such as
    20 are asphalt, concrete, tiles, brick, dark waterproofing membranes, etc., capable of absorbing and storing energy in the form of heat, resulting in heating of the surrounding air. with an increase in temperature that can be around 4 ° C. This fact, together with other factors creates an effect of overheating of the urban area.
    25 Urban heat islands can negatively affect the community, these effects being pernicious for air quality, people's health and energy consumption
    Traditional pavements in cities, which represent about a third of the
    30 urban surfaces are heated by the sun (see Figure 3) and absorb between 80 and 95% of the incident solar energy. In summer, a firm with a bituminous mixture can reach 70 ° C on the surface. These pavements aggravate the effect of urban heat island by heating the air locally. The heat absorbed, by convection would pass into the atmosphere, heated the air and therefore would increase the ambient temperature, this being more noticeable
    35 increase in the evening hours.
    5 To reduce this overheating of the streets and roads of urban centers, and consequently mitigate the heat island effect, different techniques are known to increase the solar reflectance ~ SR "or albedo of the pavements, that is, the capacity it has the surface of the pavements to reflect sunlight, based on the principle that the higher the surface of the pavement, the greater the cooling and the less surface P, and the lower the ambient environment.
    JO This is the case, for example, of colored concrete tiles and tiles with reflective paints of recent implantation in different cities of Greece, or multi-colored concrete pavements with reflective paints that are being developed in Tirana (Albania).
    J 5 20 25 Some of these techniques are patented, and Japanese patents with publication number JP2004218301 and JP2005061042 can be cited as an example, which aim at layers of paints containing a pigment of high solar radiation reflectance arranged on the surface of the pavement body, or also the Japanese patent JP2012087502, on a pavement formed on an already paved surface, which comprises a first layer of thermal insulation based on aggregates and binder, and a top layer capable of reflecting sunlight. The Chinese patent CN202509360, proposes a bright asphalt pavement of high reflection formed on a pre-existing bituminous asphalt pavement structure, compacting under pressure a layer of high reflectivity aggregate that is embedded in the asphalt surface layer, and US patent US2010247753, for an invention that improves the reflectance of the pavements by means of a coating on the surface based on a resin as a binder and at least one blackish pigment that has an appreciable reflectance of solar radiation.
    30 In all cases, these techniques to achieve reflective pavements, usually based on layers of paints and various coatings, are applied on pre-existing or newly implanted pavements, that is, they do not influence the type and composition of asphalt pavement mixtures. of first implantation, which supposes an important additional cost in conditioning of streets and highways.
    35 An alternative would be to pave the streets with terraces with the capacity of intrinsic solar reflectance, which due to certain physical-chemical parameters with reflective properties that determine the type and composition of the asphalt mixtures in which the pavements consist, such as for example a certain coloration of the binder , reflect the


    solar energy that impacts during the day to a greater extent than pavements
    conventional, keeping the surface temperature lower and further reducing the
    room temperature.
    5 In the prior art there are some relevant disclosures of this type of
    pavements, such as the European patent with publication number in Spain
    ES2196277-T3 for a ~ Passable binder layer and preparation procedure ",
    consisting of a pavement consisting of a primary layer of grip binder and
    an aqueous protective layer thereon, comprising one or more constituents
    JO opaque capable of reflecting luminous radiations, chosen from a thickener, a
    mineral load and an organic load; or also the European patent ES2605729-T3, for a
    "Pigmentable asphalt binder composition", characterized by a mixture of
    light-colored aggregates, including limestone, an asphalt binder
    pigmentable based on asphalt petroleum cement (CAP), various residues of
    fifteen deasphalting and / or vacuum, inorganic pigments, which may be Ti02, and optionally a
    filling, selected from hydrated lime and / or Portland cement, to get
    colored and decorative pavements keeping light reflection at levels similar to
    those of the usual rigid pavements.
    twenty It is also worth mentioning the international patent application of origin JP W02016163346-A1,
    for a heat insulating floor formed by a base layer of asphalt or concrete and a
    aggregate layer on it with an envelope of white particles that have a
    Improved thermal insulation effect compared to aggregate particles
    conventional, which is of different composition; and the Korean patent KR20150062330-A,
    25 referred to a colored solar radiation reflection coating material for
    build an ecological road pavement, spraying an oil resin when
    It forms a coating layer after spraying the ice silica.
    All these patented pavement solutions with greater reflective capacity compared to
    30 solar radiation, which is considered to delimit the state of the art closest to that of the
    present invention, are based on compositions that only provide a certain
    coloration to mixtures, usually in light tones, using light color aggregates,
    pigmentable asphalt binders, target particle endowments, etc. , which improve
    the reflective properties against visible spectrum radiation, and without quantifying in what
    35 As the solar reflectance is increased in relation to conventional signatures.
    They are more beautification solutions of the street and road signatures, which
    simultaneously reduce the surface temperature.
    The solar reflectance ~ SR ~ of a surface is defined as the fraction or portion of the incident solar radiation that is reflected on that surface; that is, through the relationship:
    SR = Solar energy reflected! Incident solar energy
    The value ranges from O for surfaces without reflectance, up to 1 for surfaces with total reflectance. See Figure 1 for a representation of this SR scale, in which the values can also be given as a percentage, and which also serves to quantify the absorbance, which is the inverse concept of reflectance.
    10 The radiation that reaches the Earth, which translates into incident solar energy, ranges between 300 and 2500 nm, the rest being rejected by the atmosphere. This wavelength range is divided into three electromagnetic spectra:
    15 UV Ultraviolet Spectrum: Wavelengths between 300-400nm. Visible Spectrum VIS: Wavelengths between 400-700nm. IR infrared spectrum: Wavelengths between 700-2500nm.
    Approximately 5% of the energy (solar radiation) that affects Earth's surface 20 corresponds to the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, 43% to the visible spectrum (VIS) and 52% to infrared (IR).
    Since the solar spectrum is composed of the UV, VIS and IR spectra, the part reflected in the UVR ultraviolet spectrum 25, in the visible VISR spectrum, which depends on the visible spectrum, can be determined within the total solar reflectance of a surface. surface color, and infrared IRR.
    This means that the solar reflectance SR of an asphalt surface will depend on 43% of the hue or color of the mixture, which corresponds to the part reflected in the
    30 VISR visible spectrum, while the rest, UVR and IRR, will depend on the rest of the physicochemical properties of the type and composition of the pavements.
    Therefore, to achieve asphalt pavements with the maximum solar reflectance SR, which is the objective of the present invention, design criteria of the mixtures must be defined for
    35 that reflect the maximum possible energy of the entire solar radiation spectrum, UV-VIS-IR.
    JO

    Once this guideline has been established, the problem arises of determining the values of SR that are admissible for the ultimate purpose pursued, which developed pavements can be considered to have sufficient SR values to contribute to minimizing the effect of heat islands in cities , since currently, in Spain there is no specific regulation on the characteristics that surfaces have to have in order to be classified as high solar reflectance, being necessary to resort to international regulations.
    The LEED v4-ND Certification system sponsored by the US Green Building Council for the Development of Residential Areas, in the chapter GIB CREDIT: HEAT ISLAND REDUCTION, marks the measures to be taken on the horizontal surfaces of the pavements in order to minimize the effects of said development on microclimates, human habitats and wildlife, reducing the effect of heat islands.
    According to the requirements established by this Certification system, a material is considered to be reflective if the solar reflection value SR three years after its commissioning is at least 28% (0.28); For new materials, those with an SR of at least 33% (0.33) will be used. Therefore, the 33% SR solar reflectance value is what will serve as a reference for the design of the objective reflective mixtures.
    The design criteria that have been studied are characteristic physical-chemical parameters of asphalt mixtures, embodied in the General Technical Specifications for Roads and Bridges ~ PG-3 ~ and in the specific regulations, but which can favorably influence Reflectance Solar-SR and in turn at the surface temperature in its exposure to the sun. They are parameters related to the type and composition of mixtures, such as the nature of aggregates, binding and additives, on which the reflectance in the visible spectrum will depend to a large extent, but also on structural and geometric characteristics, such as particle size, porosity and surface texture, which will affect UV and IR reflectance.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    The asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance or albedo that are claimed in the invention are the result of said experimental study of the physical-chemical parameters determining the type and composition of the mixtures, carried out in the laboratory and subsequent manufacturing in a pilot sample plant to test, to achieve an SR index equal to or greater than 33% according to LEED v4 BD + G certification, which is the one required by said
    certification to be cataloged as reflective surfaces.
    These pavements have been developed for the two types of bituminous mixtures in
    5 hot that are commonly used as asphalt layers of street rolling andRoads: AG type bituminous concrete mixtures, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-1, Ytype 88TM batch mixtures, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-2, the parameters beingphysicochemicals that characterize them as design criteria, the following:
    10 Limestone aggregates for coarse and fine Smaller maximum size of coarse aggregate; Synthetic pigment binder, clear or colorless; White titanium oxides, red iron oxides and / or yellow iron oxides as additives;
    15 Dense / semi-dense granulometry; type D or S for mixtures AG, or type A or 8 for discontinuous mixtures 88TM; Less amount of holes Less surface texture (low macroextrutura);
    20 For AC mixtures with a maximum aggregate size of 16 mm, white titanium dioxide (Ti02) as an additive, granulometry type D, and a maximum amount of voids of 7%, an SR index of around 50% has been achieved, so that , in a preferred embodiment, mixtures type AG16 SURF D, with synthetic pigmentable binder and Ti02 as an additive, are proposed in a minimum binder endowment of 5.5% by mass over the total of the mixture.
    25 For 88TM discontinuous mixtures, with a maximum aggregate size of 8 mm, white titanium dioxide (Ti02) as an additive, granulometry type A, and maximum void amount of 16%, an SR index of around 42% has been achieved, which It is also a very good result, so that, according to the PG-3 firm catalog, it is proposed as preferred embodiments
    30 for thin-layer rolling mixtures, mixtures type 88TM 5A or 88TM 8A, with synthetic pigmentable binder and Ti02 as an additive, in a minimum binder endowment of 5.75% by mass over the total mixture.
    With a view to the non-slip properties of these reflective pavements, they can be
    35 replace in the aggregates of limestone aggregates, coarse limestone aggregates with porphyry aggregates of similar grain size, maintaining the SR index above the required level. Another material that can be used in the development of these reflective mixtures is the recycled material, from of the milling of asphalt pavements (RAP), although in this case the objective reflectance levels are not reached, so this material must be used in low proportions and with a purpose of a simple improvement of the properties
    5 reflective
    Improved asphalt pavements against solar reflectance are proposed, for mixtures of AC and BBTM of the type and composition of the above, composed of a rate of recycled material from asphalt milling (RAP) type AC16 SURF S, up to a
    10 25%.
    The advantages that are going to have mitigating the effect of urban heat island with the implementation of the pavements of high solar reflectance -SR developed, are the following:
    Energy saving in air conditioning. By lowering the ambient temperature, the consumption of air conditioning in buildings adjacent to areas with high reflectance flooring will be reduced.
    20 Energy saving in public lighting consumption. The firm high reflectance are of light tones and are high luminance surfaces, therefore they cause a good reflection of the incident light. This property makes it necessary less intensity of artificial night light to obtain good visual perception, therefore these firm ones can contribute to a saving in the consumption of electrical energy in the
    25 public lighting.
    Improvement of air quality. The warmer air accelerates the formation of tropospheric smog-ozone from atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, s). When the ambient temperature decreases
    30 per action of the reflective pavements, these photochemical reactions tend to slow down.
    Improvement of comfort and health of pedestrians. Lower ambient temperatures reduce thermal stress, together with the improvement of air quality can help
    35 improve diseases directly related to heat (dehydration, cramps, heat stroke, heat syncope ...) and respiratory tract (such as asthma or COPD), arrhythmias, etc.
    FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS.
    At the end of this specification the following figures and graphs of the results of the successive tests carried out in the design and development of the new 5 reflective pavements are included, which are referred to in the section on embodiment:
    Figure 1: Representation of the solar reflectance scale "SR".
    Figure 2: Graph of reflectances of the solar spectrum (250-2400nm) 10 Figure 3: Graph of reflectances of the solar spectrum for the two types of aggregate proposed: limestone and porcoid
    Figure 4: Graph of reflectances of the solar spectrum for the two types of binder 15 tested: 35/50 bitumen binder and synthetic binder.
    Figure 5: Graph of reflectances of the solar spectrum for mixtures with black bitumen 35/50 and different types of pigments.
    20 Figure 6 and 7: Reflectance graphics of the solar spectrum for mixtures with synthetic binders and different types of pigments.
    Figure 8: Representation of the mechanism of reflection of solar radiation on a firm asphalting: (a) smooth surface AC, (b) rough 88TM-11 A and (e) porous 88TM-118.
    Figures 9 and 10: Graphs of curves of evolution of the surface temperature to the exposure of the solar radiation for different bituminous mixtures.
    Figure 11: Granulometric spindle for a working formula AC16 D. 30 Figure 12: Graph of evolution curves of surface temperature to exposure of solar radiation for mixtures BBTM-11 B and AC16 O
    Figure 13: Graph of maximum temperatures reached by BBTM-11B mixtures
    35 AND AC16 D
    Figure 14: Graph of maximum decreases in temperatures reached by these mixtures.
    Figure 15: Simulation graph of the decrease in surface temperature with the increase in SR compared to a conventional pavement.
    Figure 16: Graph of surface temperature evolution curves for AC16 D mixtures
    10 Figure 17: Correlation plot between SR and firm age.
    Figure 18 and 19: Bar graph of maximum surface temperatures for different types of mixtures.
    15 Figure 20: Granulometric spindle for an 88TM 5A working formula.
    Figure 21: Reflectances of the solar spectrum for reflective pavement, conventional pavement and snow.
    20 FORM OF REALIZATION.
    The development process of the new reflective pavements has been carried out in two phases or tasks: In a first (1) the materials and structural characteristics of standardized asphalt mixtures that improve their reflective capacity up to the target levels have been investigated in the laboratory, measuring the SR in various samples by spectrophotometer and other test methods, in order to define the design criteria in terms of type and composition of suitable mixtures; and, in a second (2), the working formulas of the suitable reflective mixtures have been defined based on the design considerations obtained, through the manufacture of standardized pavements, and it has been studied
    30 of its behavior and functionality in the short and medium term.
    Within said suitable reflective mixtures, asphaltic mixtures with non-slip properties, substituting limestone aggregates for porphyrics, and asphaltic mixtures for layer have been developed and tested.
    35 thin rolling. the inclusion in the mixtures of material from milling-RAP in a Rate up to 25%, has also been contemplated.
    1. Research on the type and composition of suitable mixtures,
    An asphaltic mixture is basically composed of a binder, aerates, additives to improve some desirable performance or characteristic, and occasionally, a percentage of recycled material from the milling of asphaltic pavement (RAP) of the roads.
    In this first investigation, the characterization of aerates, RAP milling material, binders and pigments of metal oxides used as additives has been carried out, in terms of the reflective capacity of both the visible and the infrared spectrum, and
    The way in which the texture and porosity parameters of the mixtures contributes to improve said capacity has also been studied.
    The characterization of the component materials of the asphalt mixtures and their structural parameters has been carried out based on the Specification
    15 General Techniques for Roads and Bridges-PG-3, by means of solar reflectance measurements by different methods, which has made it possible to know a priori the type and composition of the reflective mixtures to be developed.
    1.1, Methods used for the measurement of solar reflectance "SR",
    20 Two test methods have been used to measure reflectances in materials and in developed mixtures: In one, a spectrophotometer, which measures reflectances in laboratory samples, and in the other a pyranometer, has been used to measure solar reflectances in pavement surfaces already built.
    Spectrophotometer
    To measure the solar reflectance on flat surfaces a UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometer has been used, with integration sphere following the ASTM E 903-12 standard. Is the method
    30 suitable for small laboratory samples, 5 x 5 cm in size. but it does not serve to measure reflectances on field surfaces. The measuring range is between 300 and 2500nm wavelength.
    A standard solar spectrum set forth in ASTM G173 AM 1.5 has been established
    35 G showing the spectral values of solar irradiation in W I m2 .nm of each wavelength, which allows to obtain the value of solar reflectance expressed in% and in both by one. With the reflectance values in each wavelength value you can
    graphically and observe the reflectance in each of the three spectra, UV, VIS and IR. In the graph of figure 2 they represent the reflectances of the spectrum of 250
    2400nm
    5 Pyranometer.
    Solar reflectance is defined as the ratio of solar radiation reflected by a surface by solar radiation incident on it. Therefore, the solar reflectance can be calculated from the measurement of the intensity of solar radiation, incident and
    10 reflected by a surface at any given time.
    ASTM E 1918 (ASTM 2006) describes a test method for measuring solar reflectance for field surfaces using a pyranometer (see photos 3 and 4). It is necessary areas as you circulate with at least four meters in diameter or squares with at
    15 minus four meters side, and of little slope. It measures both incident and reflected energy in W / m'l. 1.2. Design criteria.
    20 As stated, the objective is to achieve asphalt pavements that reflect the maximum possible energy of the entire UV-VIS-IR solar spectrum. The reflection of the visible spectrum, which represents 43%, will depend on the hue or color, and the rest, UV and IR will depend on the physical-chemical characteristics of the components that form the pavements.
    25 The design criteria that have been studied are characteristic parameters of asphalt mixtures that can influence the Solar-SR Reflectance and in turn on the surface temperature when solar radiation affects; namely:
    Mineralogical nature of the aggregate: Limestone and porphyry.
    30 Material from milling-RAP. Type of binder: Conventional black asphalt bitumen, and clear synthetic binder. Additions of metallic oxide pigments of Fe, Cr and Ti. Granulometry of the mixture: Continuous and discontinuous. Porosity.
    35 Surface texture: Maximum aggregate size.
    1.2.1. Aggregates
    5 In asphalt mixtures, aggregates represent 95% of the total of the mixture, therefore, their photocolorometric characteristics are going to be decisive for obtaining a high reflectance mixture.
    JO A priori, light-colored aggregates are going to be more suitable than dark-toned aggregates, but with the measurement of color, only the reflectance of the visible spectrum, which is 43% of the total solar spectrum, will be obtained. It is important to obtain reflectance information from the entire solar spectrum.
    fifteen Two types of aggregates have been selected for comparing their solar reflectance across the spectrum, in accordance with the requirements set forth in PG3 for bituminous mixtures of rolling layers: Limestone aggregate, "calcite" of mineralogical origin, from the Quarry Santa Rita VI -S tarmis, located in Paraje de la Balonga, municipality of Abanilla (Murcia).
    twenty Porphyry arid, "ofite" of mineralogical origin, widely used for its accelerated polishing (GPA).coefficient of
    25 The measurement of the solar reflectance of said selected aggregates has been carried out in a first pyranometer test, following the procedure of the ASTM E1918 standard, by means of which the incident energy values are taken and the reflected one placed at a certain height. The ratio between the two data turns out to be the SR of the material under test.
    30 Using the UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometry, the reflectance value of the solar spectrum can be obtained, as well as the UV-VIS-IR spectra separately, taking into account that the wavelengths between 250-400nm are those corresponding to the Ultraviolet spectrum. UV; between 400 -700nm are those corresponding to the Visible -VIS spectrum; And between 700-2500nm are those corresponding to the Infrared spectrum -IR.
    35 Following the procedure described in the ASTM E903-12 standard and using the normalized relative spectral distribution of the global solar radiation contemplated in the ASTM G173-03 (2012) standard, we obtain the solar refiectance of the two aggregates.
    With the resulting values a graphic representation has been made as shown in
    Figure 3, which shows how reflectances are in the different spectra of the two
    types of aggregate: limestone and porphyry.
    The reflectance results obtained by the two test methods are summarized in Table 1:
    TABLE 1
    Test method Spectrometer ASTM E903-12 Pyranometer ASTME1918 Solar reflectance -SR Árido Arido Target Porphyry Limestone project 62 20 3358 18
    The results obtained by the two methods reveal that the limestone aggregates, with a SR between 58-62, are optimal for the manufacture of reflective mixtures, but the porphyry, with a value of SR between 18-20, a priori, manufacturing mixtures with they do not give optimal reflectance results.
    15 It is also observed that the results obtained by the two methods are equivalent, which is important to validate the process of designing the mixtures in the laboratory, since the values obtained in the laboratory can be extrapolated to the manufactured mixtures and extended.
    1.2.2. Material from milling-RAP.
    Another material that is going to be studied to determine its usefulness in the development of reflective mixtures, is the recycled material, coming from asphalt milling (RAP).
    25 To this end, samples have been taken of a milling made in the area of southeastern Spain, specifically on the Monteagudo-Abanilla road in the Region of Murcia. The milled mixture corresponds to a type AC16 SURF S.
    30 Reflectance measurements have been made using spectrophotometry and colorimetry, obtaining the results shown in Table 2:

    TABLE 2
    % REFLENTANCE ASTM E903-12 spectrophotometryColorimetry UNE-EN 11664PROJECT OBJECTIVE
    ULTRAVIOLET 7
    VISIBLE 58
    INFRARED eleven
    SOLAR REFLECTANCE -SR 933
    SR values are appreciated well below what was set in the project objective. 5 Predictably the rate of recycled material from milled asphalt (RAP) that can be used for the development of reflective mixtures will be low, not exceeding 25%.
    1.2.3. Binders
    10 For the reflective mixtures, a synthetic binder has been selected which gives the reflective mixtures a lower dark hue, but without undermining the mechanical performance necessary for use in urban roads.
    This synthetic binder is composed of a mixture of resins, oils, polymers and waxes
    15 Fischer-Tropsch. Each component confers a specific characteristic that will instill certain performance in the mixtures. The resins increase the adhesiveness, the oils give the binder dispersant effects, the elasticity and resistance polymers and the waxes modify the viscosity.
    20 The characterization has been carried out taking into account the tests reflected in Articles 211 (paving bitumen), 212 (bitumen modified bitumen) of PG3.
    The characterization of asphaltic bitumen has also been carried out.
    25 (35/50) as modified with PMB 45 / 80-65 polymers that are used in conventional asphalt mixtures, since they will be used in the manufacture of the control mixtures that will be compared with the developed reflective mixtures.
    The resulting values of the characterization tests of these binders are shown in Table 3:

    TABLE 3
    Characterization UNITYRULEARRIVAL
    35/50 PMB 45 / 80-65SYNTHETIC UGANT
    Penetration Determination 1 / 10mmEN 1426395546
    Softening point oCEN 142753.77570
    Penetration rate EN 12591 annex A-0.93.92.6
    Frassility Frass oCEN 12593-6-16-8
    Elastic recovery oCNLT-3298264
    Mixing temperature oC150-160160-170150-160
    Compaction temperature oC140-150155-165140-150
    Like the aggregates the study has also been carried out to the binders
    5 spectrophotometric by testing the ASTM E903-12 standard, obtaining the values
    and solar-SR reflectance graphs shown in Table 4 and Figure 4.
    With these results, it will be necessary to use a clear binder synthetic binder to obtain the objective solar reflectance
    10 TABLE 4
    Test method Spectrometer ASTM E903-12 Solar reflectance -SR Binder bitumen Objective 35/50 synthetic project 8 17 33
    1.2.4. Additions of metallic oxide pigments.
    The addition in asphaltic mixtures of metal oxide pigments will help to achieve clear shades to obtain good reflectance of the visible spectrum, but they can also help to increase the reflectance of the IR due to its physicochemical characteristics.
    20 The pigments studied are those commonly used in construction:
    6xx yellow and red iron oxides.Green Chromium OxideWhite Titanium OxideOverseas blue Complex silicate polysulfide.
    JO To test how the pigments act on the solar reflectance in an asphalt mixture, laboratory samples have been made with fine limestone aggregate, binder and the different types of pigments, and then the values of the spectrophotometer (ASTM E903-12) have been obtained. reflectance of the three UV-VIS-IR spectra.
    fifteen First, it has been used as a black asphaltic bitumen binder 35/50, with samples being made with all selected pigments. The results obtained are shown in Table 5 and Figure 5
    TABLE 5
    MATERIAL BETUNL1GANTEPIGMENT%UVVISGOMR
    Without pigment 75eleven8
    Ox. 3% yellow faith 76fifteeneleven
    Arid plate Ox. Red faith 3%86twenty-one14
    limestone 0.063 / 1mm Bitumen 35/50Overseas Blue 3%9698
    Ox. Chrome 3% 761913
    Ox. 3% titanium 7822fifteen
    20 It is appreciated that some metal oxide pigments can increase IR reflectance by more than 80%, with red iron oxides and titanium oxides being the best behave, in the latter the increase in visible reflectance is also representative . In any case, with the use in asphalt mixtures of black bituminous binder and the pigments studied, it is not possible to obtain a solar-SR reflectance greater than or equal to
    25 target 33% (0.3).
    Subsequently, different samples have been made using clear synthetic binder with the same limestone aggregate. The pigments used have been red iron oxide and titanium oxide, since a priori they are the ones that will have the best performance for the marked objective. The pigment percentages have been much lower than those used with black bitumen.
    The reflectance values of the three UVVIS-IR spectra have been obtained using the spectrophotometer (ASTM E903-12). See Table 6 and graphs of Figures 6 and 7.
    TABLE 6
    Reference 3272. 328293. 4
    Material Limestone arid plate 0, 063/1 mm
    Bitumen-Binder Synthetic binder
    % Pigment Without pigmentOx.Titanium x%Ox.Red red x%(Ox. Titanium + Ox. Of Iron) x%
    Rellec !. Uv 988989
    Reflect Vis 285212253628
    Reflect Go 375338434846
    Rellec !. Mr 3251253. 44137
    The results show that the reflectances of the IR spectrum in pigment samples are greater than in the sample without pigment, although this sample has equal or greater visible spectrum reflectance values. For example, the sample without pigment 15 3 And the sample with pigments 34 have the same visible reflectance, are equal to human vision, therefore based on only the tonality would have the same solar reflectance; However, the sample 34 has more reflectance in the IR (which is invisible), giving the final computation a greater solar reflectance with respect to the sample without pigmentation. Sample (28) has the reflectance of the visible inferior to the mixture without pigment 3 but the
    Total reflectance is higher in sample 28 since the infrared reflectance has increased.
    This experiment demonstrates that the addition of some metal oxide pigments can increase the reflectance of the infrared spectrum, making the surface more reflective to solar energy where the pigment has been added.

    Therefore, it can be concluded that, a priori, to obtain an asphalt mixture of solar reflectance greater than 33%, a synthetic binder pigmented with titanium oxide must be used, and
    that the clear hue obtained with the Ti02 pigment can be qualified with a small percentage of iron oxide by reducing the visible reflectance without greatly undermining the solar reflectance.
    1.2.5. Texture and porosity.
    A priori it is already known what kind of materials we should use to achieve the solar reflectance marked as objective, according to the spectrophotometric values that these materials have. But there is also a geometric characteristic of the surfaces that will influence the thermal behavior of the incident solar radiation, and that is how that radiation is reflected.
    The reflection of the electromagnetic waves coming from the sun that affect a surface can be of two different types: (1) Specular reflection, where the light is reflected on a surface like a mirror. These surfaces are normally polished; Y
    (2) Reflection d ~ usa, where light is reflected on a rough surface and rays are bounced in all directions. The shape and path of propagation of solar energy will influence the heating of the surface; The more the waves bounce, the more the surface will heat up, so depending on the type of reflection, the heating of the surfaces can be different.
    Figure 8 shows the detail of the reflection of the incident solar radiation and how it reflects and
    bounces on surfaces, causing aggregates to heat up, for three types of surfaces:
    (a) lisa -AC; (b) rough -BBTM-11A; And (e) porous -BBTM-11B.
    Within the catalog of firm for rolling layer there are more or less rough types of mixtures, with more or less holes, and these holes with more or less tortuosity.
    To test how these characteristics influence the surface temperature, samples of various mixtures with asphaltic bitumen and similar solar reflectances have been exposed to the action of solar radiation (SR values between 7-8% (0.07-0.08 » and different granulometries, holes and macro texture All of them being manufactured with black bitumen and are expected to have the same solar reflectance, therefore any difference in surface temperature when exposed to solar radiation will be due to another characteristic.
    The asphalt mixtures and their characteristics that have been studied are the following:
    5 BBTM 11 B. Discontinuous granulometry, high roughness and high value of BBTM 11A holes. Discontinuous granulometry high roughness and few holes AC16 SURF S. Semi-dense granulometry, low roughness and few holes AC22 SIN S. Semi-dense granulometry, low roughness and high value of AC16 SURF holes D. Dense granulometry, low roughness and few holes
    JO Table 7 shows the reflectance, porosity and roughness values of each of the mixtures to be tested, with a similar solar reflectance for all of them.
    TABLE 7
    Rel. Mix TypeSolar Reflectance SR% GapsMPT macro texture
    one BBTM-11B8162.4
    2 BBTM-11A85.21.6
    3 AC16-875.10.8
    4 AC22-D87.30.8
    5 AC16-D74.80.7
    15 The exposure (see Photo 7) was carried out on a clear day with a maximum solar radiation of S90 w / m2 • Temperature values were obtained every hour from 9 am. up to 1Sh. The temperature measurements were made by taking images of every surface of each sample with a thermal imager (see photo 8), which by means of a computer program calculates the maximum, minimum and average temperature of said surface. It is the method that has been
    20 used to measure surface temperatures throughout the study.
    The graph in Figure 9 shows the evolution of surface temperature to exposure to solar radiation
    25 Depending on the average temperature values of each surface obtained in the exposed samples, a temperature difference of 5 oC between the hottest mixture (BBTM-11B) and the coldest (AC16 D) can be observed, observing that a surface of a bituminous mixture with the minimum gaps, dense granulometry, low macro texture and
    reduced maximum size of aggregates, helps to maintain the lowest surface temperature.
    5 It has been seen that porosity and macro texture influence the heating of a surface, but it is also important to know how these parameters influence the cooling process, that is, the evolution of the surface temperature to the exposure of solar radiation. It is particularly interesting to know if the temperature differences between two surfaces when heated, are maintained when they cool.
    JO To do this, 30x40 cm samples of BBTM-11B and AC16 D mixture were subjected outdoors for 48 hours, as well as contact thermographic probes to take temperature data every 15 min and the data was stored in a Datalogger recorder. The data obtained are shown below are those shown in the graph of Figure 10.
    15 20 It is appreciated that the cooling rate is similar in the two mixtures, which implies that macro texture and porosity does not influence the cooling rate. It is also observed that the AC16-D type mixture is kept cooler throughout the heating and cooling process. This means that the reflective surfaces are acting throughout the solar cycle by lowering the surface temperature. 1.3. Conclusions
    25 After the research process carried out, the conclusions obtained on the most favorable design criteria for asphalt mixtures type AC and 8BTM with high solar reflectance properties are the following:
    Porphyry mixtures. withaggregateslimestonesThey aremore reflective than mixtureswitharid
    30 Mixtures with continuous granulometry (AC type D and S) are more reflective than mixtures of discontinuous granulometry (BBTM type A and B), the cooling rate being similar.
    35 The smaller maximum aggregate size is more favorable for reflectance than a larger size. Maximum size: 16 (AC); 8 (BBTM)
    The less hollow the mixture has, the more reflective it will be.
    The use reflective. fromclear synthetic binderisnecessary fortheobtainingof pavements
    5 By adding some metallic oxide pigments, the IR reflectance increases by 80% with respect to the control sample, without practically changing the visible reflectance.
    JO The pigments that work best are the oxides preferably Ti02, and the oxides of red and yellow iron. The pigment used can positively influence.titanium (white), higher percentage of
    With the use of synthetic binder and Ti02, asphalt mixtures type AC or BBTM with SR values around 50% are achieved.
    fifteen Table 8 summarizes the most favorable and unfavorable criteria for designing a mixture that will have, a priori, high solar reflectance properties, and thereby achieve the lowest possible surface temperature. These criteria are the type of binder, aggregates, type of mixture, granulometry and maximum aggregate size.
    twenty TABLE 8
    Trend BinderAggregatesMix TypeGrain sizeT. Maximum
    Favorable Synthetic binderOf courseAC BBTMGIVES<16mm <8mm
    Unfavorable Black BitumenPorphyryBBTM; PA5 (AC); B (BBTM)22 (AC); 11 (BBTM)
    In summary: Mixtures with light aggregates, continuous granulometry, few voids and smaller aggregate size are more reflective. If synthetic binder is added to this and Ti02 we obtain 25 reflective pavements with a SR of 50.
    2. Definition of the working formulas of suitable mixtures; Study of its behavior and functionality.
    30 Based on the design criteria defined for the type and composition of high reflectance mixtures, hot bituminous mixtures with optimized SR index have been developed
    for different solicitations, verifying the expected properties by studying their behavior and functionality.
    5 In the definition of the manufacturing protocol for these mixtures, compliance with the corresponding regulations has been validated by performing various laboratory tests.
    2.1. Asphalt reflective mixtures.
    JO Standardized asphalt mixtures have been manufactured in the laboratory taking into account the design considerations outlined in the previous sections. With the material obtained, specimens have been developed to check the solar reflectances obtained, as well as their thermal behavior against solar radiation.
    15 20 For the preparation of the different samples, coarse aggregates and fine limestone have been used, the two types of binder: 35/50 bitumen and synthetic binder, and mixtures with pigment and without pigment have been made. Mixtures with synthetic binder, titanium oxide and 10% RAP have also been manufactured to check the behavior of the recycled material addition. All mixtures have been of type AC16 SURF D, except for one of reference BBTM11 B. The percentages of aggregates and binder have been for all equal mixtures. Table 9 shows the working formula for AC16 D, in percentages of aggregates / binder, and in Figure 11 the granulometric spindle
    25 A laboratory mixer has been used to manufacture the samples using the UNE-EN 12697-35 standard.
    TABLE 9
    MATERIAL FractionPERCENTAGE -%
    Limestone Arid 12/2032
    Limestone Arid 6/123. 4
    Limestone Arid 0/424
    Limestone Arid Filler5
    Binder I mix 5.0
    5 The synthetic binder used has been dosed in the mixture directly on the mixer. The weight ratio mineral powder / binder must not exceed 1.1; accounting, where appropriate, the pigment used as mineral powder. The binder endowment has been 5.0% by mass over the total mixture. The pigment dosage ranges between 1.0 and 2.0% by mass over the total mixture.
    2.1.1. Thermal behavior against solar radiation.
    JO To be able to check the behavior of the samples to the exposure of the solar radiation and measure the solar reflectances, rectangular specimens with roller compactor have been manufactured according to nonna UNE-EN 12697-33, and cylindrical specimens with the impact compactor according to UNE standard -EN 12697-30.
    fifteen Table 10 shows the values obtained from reflectances of the solar spectra using the spectrophotometer according to ASTM E903-12.
    twenty It is appreciated that the only mixture that would meet the objective of SR to achieve an SR ~ 33 (0.3) is that made of synthetic titanium oxide binder. The mixture with synthetic pigment without pigment does not reach the threshold value. It is also observed, according to the results, that the addition of recycled material -RAP of 10% influences the reflectance very negatively, reducing the value by half.
    25 These same samples were left outdoors, exposed to the action of solar radiation, measuring the surface temperature every hour by thermal imager. The values were obtained at a maximum ambient temperature of 37 ° C, a maximum solar radiation of 885 W / m '.
    30 35 The graph in Figure 12 shows curves of evolution of the surface temperature to the exposure of the solar radiation for all the samples. From the results obtained it is observed that between two samples of mixture AC16 D, one with black bitumen 35/50 and the other with synthetic binder and Ti0 2, there is a maximum surface temperature difference of 1QoC, and in the case that the sample with black bitumen is of the type BBTM-11 B the difference increases to 13 ° C, so that the higher the value of reflectance in the samples, the lower the surface temperature.
    In the bar graph of Figure 13 shows the maximum temperatures reached by the samples, and that of Figure 14, the temperature decrease in relation to the hottest surface
    5 With the values obtained, the trend graph of Figure 15 has been made, which shows the forecast of temperature decrease with the increase of SR on a pavement.
    TABLE 10
    Mix type Bitumen-Pigment TypeVIS reflectanceIR reflectanceSR reflectance
    BBTM-11B 45 / 80-65597
    AC16 35/50 D 35/50698
    AC16 35/50 D Synthetic binder without pigment183828
    AC16 35/50 D Synthetic binder + Ti025252fifty
    AC16 35/50 D Synthetic binder + Fe20 2eleven4227
    AC16 35/50 D Synthetic binder + Ti0 2 + 10% RAP173325
    It can be affirmed that starting from a determined value of solar reflectance in a firm
    conventional, every 5% increase in SR by the action of a reflective mixture, the
    surface temperature will drop approximately 1 ° C.
    Exposures have been made with the indicated rectangular and cylindrical samples on different days with maximum ambient temperatures ranging from 18 to 44 ° C, and it has been observed that the difference is maintained at 1 QOC without depending on the ambient temperature, varying only the temperature maximum reached on the surface. Checking others
    20 meteorological parameters of those days, it has been observed that the values of solar radiation on the days when the maximum difference oscillated around 10 ° C are similar, and only when the radiation value falls, does the temperature difference also decrease. This leads us to the favorable conclusion that in winter the temperature difference between conventional and reflective asphalt will be much smaller.
    Table 11 shows the most representative values obtained in different exposures to solar radiation made to samples of conventional and reflective signatures in the region of Murcia (see Table 8). The realization of an exposure to circular specimens is also detailed, observing the difference of 10 ° C between the conventional mixture with black bitumen and the reflective mixture with synthetic binder and titanium oxide.
    TABLE 11
    Exposure of samples to solar radiation. Murcia
    Date Max.Max. AC1635150Max. differs from conventional firm - firm reflectsMaximum radiation ma w {m2
    01/12/2017 18.039.78.4520
    11/11/2016 21, 545.69.4645
    10/14/2016 24.044.59.4910
    10/27/2016 25.048.59.5680
    09/15/2016 28.554.29.7865
    10/11/2016 30.949.49.3730
    09/16/2016 30.455.89.5890
    07/06/2016 37.061.510.3885
    09/05/2016 44.069.110.3895
    10/19/2016 High cloudiness 22.030.53.0320
    10 It has also been proven that this difference of 10 ° C is maintained at different ambient temperatures between 18 to 44 ° C if the value of the incident solar energy is greater than 600 W / m2 • As the value of the incident energy of this decreases threshold value, the temperature difference between conventional and reflective surfaces decreases.
    2.1.2. Thermal behavior during the cooling process in relation to conventional asphalt pavements.
    It is also interesting to know if the temperature differences between the surface of a firm
    20 conventional and that of a firm reflective are maintained throughout the solar cycle. It has been seen that as solar radiation increases the temperature difference between the two increases
    surfaces, but we don't know the cooling rate when the radiation goes down during the late night.
    5 For this, 30x40 cm samples of the AC16 35-50 O and AC16 LlG mixtures have been placed. SINT O + Ti02 outdoors for 24 hours, with thermographic contact probes to take temperature data every 15 min, and the data has been stored in a Datalogger recorder. The evolution of the resulting surface temperature is shown in the graph in Figure 16.
    JO It is found that the surface of the AC16 O mixture with synthetic binder and Ti02 is always colder than the surface of the AC16 O mixture with black bitumen, helping to lower the ambient temperature and thus mitigate the heat island effect.
    fifteen It can be concluded, therefore, that the reflective mixtures in the heating-cooling process are kept cooler than conventional mixtures, so they can be more durable by withstanding lower temperatures.
    In front of used asphalt pavements.
    twenty When considering replacing a conventional firm with a reflective one, we know what the surface thermal advantage will be from a new or newly extended conventional firm, but we do not know what the temperature advantage or difference would be in relation to a used asphaltic firm. We had to know the starting reflectance of the firm used.
    25 According to bibliographic data, the reflectance of a conventional asphaltic firm varies with the passage of time; Newly extended ranges from 5-10 and aged can give values between 1015.
    30 Through the pyrometer it has been considered appropriate to check these values, making measurements of solar reflectance to asphaltic terrains with different antiques and different aggregates. Measurements of reflectance of the visible with the colorimeter have also been made
    35 The resulting values of SR in the solar spectrum and visible for a newly extended asphalt vial of different years, are shown in Table 12. From these values a trend graph can be made to predict the reflectance of a Asphaltic firm over the years, as shown in Figure 17.
    The previous conclusion is confirmed that every 5% increase in solar reflectance obtained by changing a conventional firm for another reflector can lower the temperature
    surface at 1 ° C, so that, knowing the solar reflectance of the firm to be replaced, we can predict the decrease in surface temperature obtained.
    TABLE 12
    Firm asphalt
    Years of antiguaty VRMR
    Newly extended 36
    one 68
    3 79
    10 913
    fifteen 1316
    2.2. Asphalt reflective mixtures with non-slip properties. ~
    The type of mixtures designed as more suitable for the objective of marked reflectance, which are mixtures of the type AC 16 SURF O with synthetic binder, titanium oxide and limestone aggregate, when going to the area of rolling of the firm must have minimum non-slip properties . Since porphyry aggregates have better non-slip performance
    15 than limestone aggregates, reflective mixtures have been made by changing part of limestone aggregates for porphyry and their thermal and reflective behavior has been studied.
    The following mixtures have been manufactured and tested their reflective behavior:
    20 A: Mixture AC16 with synthetic binder + Ti02 with coarse aggregates and fine porphyrides
    B: Mixture AC16 with synthetic binder + Ti02 with thick porphyry aggregates and fine limestones
    C: Mixture AC16 with synthetic binder + Ti02 with coarse aggregates and fine limestones
    O: Mix AC16 with black bitumen with porous coarse aggregates and fine limestone 25
    In the first three mixtures (A, B and C) the same binder and Ti02 have been used, only the type of aggregates changes. The first (A) is manufactured with all porphyry aggregates. In the second (B) the coarse aggregates of the mixture, which represent 50%, are porphyry aggregates and fine limestone aggregates. The mixture (C) is made of limestone aggregates. The mixture (D) is the type of conventional mixture made with black bitumen, porous coarse aggregates and fine limestone aggregates.
    The SR solar reflectance values obtained by spectrophotometry according to ASTM E903-12 are shown in Table 13.
    TABLE 13
    To 26 Solar reflectance Mix Type B e 45 50D 6
    In view of these results, it is verified that the mixture in which all the limestone aggregate has been replaced by porphyry (A) the reflectance falls by half and does not reach the value of SR = 33 marked as objective. However, for sample (B) where only coarse limestone aggregate has been substituted for porphyric acid, an acceptable SR value is obtained.
    To check the solar energy behavior of each mixture, a solar exposure (14/10/2016) was carried out at an ambient temperature of 24 ° C and a maximum incident solar reflectance of 910 w / m2 • The bar graph in Figure 18 shows the maximum temperature values reached, with the mixture B being the one
    20 reaches a temperature between the two lowest.
    2.3. Asphalt mixes reflective thin layer of rolling.
    In principle it can be said that the designed reflective mixtures are priced more
    25 higher than conventional mixtures. One way to compensate for this increase in cost is to design mixtures that need the lowest possible thickness for their application. Within the catalog of signatures that are exposed in the PG-3, the most suitable mixture to check its behavior when it is replaced by the AC16 SURF D type mixture, would be the BBTMBA type.
    30 The thermal and reflective behavior of a mixture of type BBTM-8A with all limestone aggregates has been studied, and another one replacing the thick limestone aggregates with porphyric aggregate, and the comparison with the AC16 D mixture, with binder synthetic and Ti02. The solar reflectance values obtained are those shown in Table 14.
    TABLE 14
    Solar reflectance
    Mix Type
    AC16 D 35/50 AC16 D CALIZOBBTM-BA CALIZOBBTM-BA PORFIDlO (AG)
    6 fifty4238
    The values obtained with the 88TM-8A mixtures are acceptable, although the values are lower than those of the AC16 D type mixtures.
    10 On 11/11/2016 the exposure to the solar radiation was carried out and the maximum temperatures reached by these thin layer mixtures were measured. The maximum ambient temperature was 21 ° C and the maximum solar radiation was 645 w / m2. The resulting maximum temperature graph is presented in Figure 19.
    15 2.3.1. Study of the behavior and functionality of the BBTM 5A mix.
    Below are the results obtained in the laboratory and subsequent manufacturing
    in the plant in the process of designing an asphalt mix type 88TM 5A to obtain a
    pavement that mitigates the heat island effect according to LEED v4 BD + C certification, being the
    20 value of the Solar Reflectance -SR to achieve equal to or greater than 33, required by said certification to be listed as reflective surface.
    It has been decided to study the 8BTM 5A mixture to be able to adjust the costs due to alligant synthetic and Ti02 in terms of the thickness used, of only 2 cm, compared to the
    25 AC16D mixtures that would require about 4 cm minimum; and also thinking that the start-up will be in streets, especially in municipalities. All results are made from a plant-made mixture.
    Once we have studied the different characteristic parameters of this type of asphalt mixtures that will influence the Solar-SR Reflectance and at the same time the surface temperature when the solar radiation affects, we will study its mechanical, physical (SR) and functional behavior .
    2.3.1.1. Manufacturing in plant and commissioning. 5
    The manufacture of the mixtures has been carried out in a 220 Tn / h Marini discontinuous plant (see photo 1), with the precaution of a good pre-cleaning of conventional bitumen residues in all devices to avoid contamination.
    The BBTM 5A mixture with 35/50 bitumen has been manufactured, and BBTM 5A mixture with synthetic binder and Ti02, within the dosing and preset synthetic binder ranges for this type of BBTM A mixtures.
    The spread of the reflective mixture was done conventionally with extended ora, and the
    Compaction was carried out with a metal roller, following the same guidelines as for a conventional mixture. However, in order to avoid contamination, all machine devices were previously cleaned, and the personnel used safety boots without
    Mix remains and hand utensils (shovels, rakes, etc.) well cleaned.
    20 2.3.1.2. Mechanical characteristics
    The mixture under study is BBTM 5A, with the grain size curve according to UNE-EN 12697 2 represented in the graph of Figure 20, and a bitumen content over a mixture of 5.0%, and an F / BA ratio around 1.3 .
    25 The volumetric values, according to UNE-EN 12697-6 and UNE-EN 12697-8, are those indicated in Table 15.
    TABLE 15
    UNE-EN 12697-6 UNE-EN 13697-6 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveTolerance
    Density (k 1m ') 24012414-
    VMA (% 16.716.2-
    Vm (% 5.14.6.4
    Indirect Traction and Water Sensitivity:
    The results of the indirect tensile and water sensitivity tests, according to UNE-EN 12697-12, are those indicated in Table 16.
    TABLE 16
    UNE-EN 12697-1 2 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveTolerance
    ITSd (kPa) 20841920-
    ITSR (%) 92.691, 9> 90
    5 Stability:
    10 The Marshall test has been carried out according to UNE-EN 12697-34, obtaining stability and deformation values indicated in Table 17. TABLE 17
    UNE-EN 12697-34 BBTM 5ABBTM 5ATolerance
    Conventional Reflective
    Stability (KN) 16.612.2-
    Deformation (mm) 2.114.47-
    Resistance to plastic defonnaciones:
    To obtain the plastic deformation data, the rolling tests according to UNE-EN 12697-22 have been carried out, obtaining the results of Table 18.
    TABLE 18
    UNE-EN 12697-22 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveTolerance
    WTS air 0.030.0080.07
    PRD 3.90.95
    Slip Resistance:
    To obtain slip resistance values in the extended sections with the
    25 kneaded manufactured from both the conventional mixture and the reflective mixture, the test has been carried out according to standard UNE-EN 13036-4, with which values of the friction pendulum test -PTV indicated in Table 19 have been obtained. obtained on both floors are similar and satisfactory.

    TABLE 19
    UNE-EN 13036-4 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveTolerance
    PVT 9697-
    Macro texture:
    To obtain surface macro-texture values in the stretches extended with the kneaded ones manufactured from both the conventional mixture and the reflective mixture, the test has been carried out according to standard UNE-EN 13036-1. The values obtained for both pavements, shown in Table 20, are also similar and satisfactory.
    TABLE 20
    UNE-EN 13036-1 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveTolerance
    MTD 1.11.2> 1.1
    2.3.1.3. Solar reflectance -SR.
    To obtain the solar reflectance of a surface, the ASTM E1918-06 standard has been used through the use of a pyranometer, which describes the test method for horizontal surfaces with a low slope. After the test, it can be seen that the surface with conventional mixture has an SR-reflectance of 7% and in the reflective mixture the SR is of
    20 40%, well above. Table 21 shows these values.
    TABLE 21
    ASTM E1918-06 BBTM 5A ConventionalBBTM 5A ReflectiveReflective pavement value-
    READ
    MR 74033
    25 2.3.1.4. Functional aspects.
    Parallel to the tests to see the mechanical behavior of the pavements
    reflective, the following studies have been carried out to verify aspects that may
    be important for the functionality of these pavements.
    Surface and internal temperature:
    5 It has been verified if the difference in surface temperature that can exist between a conventional asphalt pavement and another reflective pavement exposed to solar radiation, also exists inside the mixture, with the advantage over the durability of the pavement that this could reverse.
    JO 15 For this purpose, the surface temperatures and 2 cm depth have been measured at two samples, one of conventional asphalt pavement and another of reflecting by exposure to solar energy in the open air with an ambient temperature of 36 ° C and radiation of 950 w / m2, observing that the difference that is experienced in the surface is also observed in the interior, therefore reflective pavements will withstand less interior temperature than conventional asphalt pavements. This difference can be up to 10 ° C. Mixing behavior outdoors:
    twenty In reflective pavements, the reflectance of the visible spectrum is approximately 50% of the total solar reflectance. Reflectance values of the high visible spectrum depend on the clear tonalities of the pavements, so that in the case that the pavement darkens due to being exposed to the weather, the reflectance would decrease losing effectiveness. The color variation of the designed reflective pavement exposed to the weather for 10 months is presented below.
    25 30 To check if the hue of the reflective pavement changes due to the action of outdoor exposure, a specimen of the reflective pavement has been placed outside and the reflectance of the visible and the colorimetric coordinates of the CIELAB system (L *, a *) has been measured and b *) by differential colorimeter from the beginning up to 10 months afterwards (see photo 14-Probe of outdoor reflective mixture table 9). The resulting CIELAB reflectances and values are those indicated in Table 22.
    35 It is appreciated that the specimen of the reflective pavement exposed to the weather changes to lighter shades (increases the value of L *) and less yellow (decreases the coordinate b *), increasing the reflectance of the visible. This peculiarity will help maintain the performance of reflective pavements.

    TABLE 22
    Calorimetric characteristic Starting initials5 month valuesValues 8 months10 month values
    Visible reflectance Four. Five46fifty51
    "'-" i!' '"or" ""' - w "'> ü L ·74.2274.4977.0877.35
    to· 1.131.330.950.92
    b 12.479.497.607.61
    Reflective mixtures and UV rays:
    Another aspect that has been studied of the functionality of reflective pavements is that related to health. In the solar spectrum, the wavelength energy in the UV-UV range is the most penetrating and harmful to human health, so it is interesting that in the reflective pavements this energy is absorbed and not reflected, looking for the
    10 safety of them. The solar reflectance in the three spectra (UV-VISIR) has been measured separately to reflective pavement samples by spectrographs.
    The reflective mixture designed has a reflectance of the entire solar spectrum around 40%. It is interesting to know the reflectance values of the UV spectrum, and compare it with a mixture of conventional asphalt pavement.
    Through the use of the UV-VIS-IR spectrophotometer, reflectances have been measured to samples of both reflective and conventional mixtures from 250nm to 2400nm (see graph 2), covering the entire UV-VIS-IR solar spectrum. ASTM test standard has been used
    20 E903-12 AND ASTM G173-03. Values have been obtained separately, verifying that although the reflective mixture has a solar reflectance between 40-45%, the reflectance of the UV spectrum is only 10%. Therefore, the use of reflective pavements is not harmful to health due to its low reflectance.
    25 The graph of Figure 21 shows the reflectances in the spectra of wavelengths between 250 and 2400nm of the two pavements and the spectrum produced by the snow. The UV reflectance for the two pavements is similar, especially at lower wavelengths that are more harmful. It is also appreciated that the snow has a very high UV reflectance, and is the reason why protection is needed if it remains in it.
    2.3.1.5. Conclusions.
    The conclusions obtained after the research processes carried out based on the reflective mixture designed BBTM-5A, due to the possibility of using low thicknesses, are the following:
    The reflective mixtures designed comply with the specifications set out in PG-3, their results being similar to conventional asphalt mixtures.
    10 The internal temperature in the reflective mixtures exposed to the weather is lower than the conventional mixtures at the same level obtained on the surface.
    At eight months of exposure to the weather there is no darkening of the reflective mixtures.
    They have a very low reflectance in the UV spectrum. by absorbing 90% of the UV spectrum (although they have high total solar reflectance), so the new pavements are not harmful to health. As a final conclusion, we can say that reflective asphalt pavements can
    20 contribute in a preventive way to climate change by contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, due to its impact on reducing energy consumption for air conditioning and urban lighting, and can also contribute from a corrective point of view to mitigate the effects of excess heat in summer in urban areas.
    权利要求:
    Claims (6)
    [1]
    1. Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance, with SR index equal to greater than 33% according to LEED v4 BD + C certification, for the two types of bituminous mixtures in
    5 hot that are commonly used as asphalt layers of street rolling androads: bituminous concrete mixtures type AC, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-1, Ybatch mixtures type B8TM, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-2, characterized byfollowing physical-chemical parameters determining the type and composition of the mixtures:
    10-Limestone aggregates for coarse and fine -Minor maximum size of coarse aggregate; -Synthetic pigmentable lighter, with a clear or colorless hue; -White titanium oxides, red iron oxides and / or yellow iron oxides as additives;
    15-Dense / semi-dense grading; type D O S for AC mixtures, or type A or 8 for 8BTM batch mixtures; -Lower amount of holes
    - Less surface texture (low macroextrutura);
    [2]
    2. Asphalt pavements with high solar reflectance, according to claim 1, characterized by AC mixtures with a maximum aggregate size of 16 mm, white titanium dioxide (Ti02) as an additive, granulometry type D, and a maximum amount of holes of 7%.
    3. Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance, according to claim 2, characterized by mixtures type AC16 SURF D, with synthetic pigmentable binder and Ti0 2 as an additive, in a minimum binder endowment of 5.5% by mass over the total mix.
    [4]
    4. Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance, according to claim 1, characterized
    30 by 8BTM batch mixtures, with a maximum aggregate size of 8 mm, white titanium dioxide (Ti02) as an additive, granulometry type A, and a maximum amount of holes of 16%.
    [5]
    5. Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance, according to claim 4, characterized by thin layer rolling mixtures type BBTM 5A or BBTM BA, with synthetic binder
    35 pigmentable and Ti02 as an additive, in a minimum binder endowment of 5.5% by mass over the total mixture.
    [6]
    6. Asphalt pavements of high solar reflectance with anti-slip properties, according to claim 1, characterized in that the coarse aggregates are porphyric aggregates.
    [7]
    7. Asphalt pavements with improved solar reflectance, for both types of mixtures
    5 hot bituminous plants that are commonly used as asphalt rolling layers instreets and roads: mixtures of bituminous concrete type AC, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-1,And batch mixtures type BBTM, conforming to UNE-EN 13108-2, with parametersphysicochemical for the different types and compositions of mixtures according to claimsabove, characterized by a rate of recycled material from milling of
    10 asphalt roads (RAP) type AC 16 SURF S. of up to 25%.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2020002730A1|2020-01-02|
    ES2687713B2|2019-07-02|
    EP3831794A1|2021-06-09|
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    EP19827481.3A| EP3831794A1|2018-06-27|2019-06-21|Asphalt pavements having high solar reflectance|
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